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Interferential Therapy

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Introduction
Principles
Frequency Sweep
Physiological Effects & Clinical Applications

Treatment Parameters and Application
Other Clinical Applications
References
Interferential Contraindications & Precautions

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Intro
Introduction

The basic principle of Interferential Therapy (IFT) is to utilise the significant physiological effects of low frequency (<250pps) electrical stimulation of nerves without the associated painful and somewhat unpleasant side effects sometimes associated with low frequency stimulation. Recently, numerous ‘portable’ interferential devices have become easily available. Despite their size, they are perfectly capable of delivering ‘proper’ interferential therapy, though some have limited functionality and ability for the practitioner to ‘set’ all parameters. Most multifunction stimulators include all interferential modes, so the practitioner has several machine types to select from (examples below).

Interferential Therapy (IFT / IFC) has been widely used in therapy for many years (usage reviewed in Pope et al, 1995 and more recently Shah and Farrow, 2012), Its use is probably disproportionate to both the volume and the quality of the published evidence, though it is strongly supported on an anecdotal evidence level, and several reviews are indicating an overall supportive evidence base, especially for pain based management (e.g. Fuentes et al, 2010).

Principles
Principles

To produce low frequency effects at sufficient intensity and at sufficient depth, patients can experience considerable discomfort in the superficial tissues (i.e. the skin). This is due to the impedance of the skin being inversely proportional to the frequency of the stimulation. [The barrier presented by the skin to the passage of an electric current is more complex than just impedance, or resistance, but will be regarded as such for the purpose of this explanation] In other words, the lower the stimulation frequency, the greater the impedance to the passage of the current & so, more discomfort is experienced as the current is ‘pushed’ into the tissues against this barrier. The skin impedance at 50Hz is approximately 3200 whilst at 4000Hz it is reduced to approximately 40. The result of applying a higher frequency is that it will pass more easily through the skin, requiring less electrical energy input to reach the deeper tissues & giving rise to less discomfort.

The effects of tissue stimulation with these 'medium frequency' currents (medium frequency in electromedical terms is usually considered to be 1KHz-100KHz) has yet to be established. It is unlikely to do nothing at all, but in terms of current practice, little is known of its physiological effects. It is not capable of direct stimulation of nerve in the common context of such stimulation, though some researchers are currently investigating this area. 

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Interferential therapy utilises two of these medium frequency currents, passed through the tissues simultaneously, where they are set up so that their paths cross & they literally interfere with each other – hence another term that has been used in the past but appears to be out of favour at the moment – Interference Current Therapy. This interaction gives rise to an interference current (or beat frequency) which has the characteristics of low frequency stimulation – in effect the interference mimics a low frequency stimulation.

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The exact frequency of the resultant beat frequency can be controlled by the input frequencies. If for example, one current was at 4000Hz and its companion current at 3900Hz, the resultant beat frequency would be at 100Hz, carried on a medium frequency 3950Hz amplitude modulated current.

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By careful manipulation of the input currents it is possible to achieve any beat frequency that you might wish to use clinically. Modern machines usually offer frequencies of 1-150Hz, though some offer a choice of up to 250Hz or more. To a greater extent, the therapist does not have to concern themselves with the input frequencies, but simply with the appropriate beat frequency which is selected directly from the machine.

The magnitude of the low frequency interference current is (in theory) approximately equivalent to the sum of the input amplitudes. It is difficult to show categorically that this is the case in the tissues but it is reasonable to suggest that the resultant current will be stronger than either of the 2 input currents. 

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The use of 2 pole IFT stimulation is made possible by electronic manipulation of the currents - the interference occurs within the machine instead of in the tissues. There is no known physiological difference between the effects of IFT produced with 2 or 4 electrode systems. The key difference is that with a 4 pole application the interference is generated in the tissues and with a 2 pole treatment, the current is ‘pre modulated’ i.e. the interference is generated within the machine unit (Ozcan et al, 2004).

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Whichever way it is generated, the treatment effect is generated from low frequency stimulation, primarily involving the peripheral nerves. There may indeed be significant effect on tissue other than nerves, but they have not as yet been unequivocally demonstrated. Low frequency nerve stimulation is physiologically effective (as with TENS and NMES) and this is the key to IFT intervention.

Frequency Sweep

Nerves will accommodate to a constant signal & a sweep (or gradually changing frequency) is often used to overcome this problem. The principle of using the sweep is that the machine is set to automatically vary the effective stimulation frequency using either pre-set or user set sweep ranges. The sweep range employed should be appropriate to the desired physiological effects (see below). It has been repeatedly demonstrated that ‘wide’ sweep ranges are ineffective whenever they have been tested or evaluated in the clinical environment.

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Note : Care needs to be taken when setting the sweep on a machine in that with some devices, the user sets the actual base and top frequencies (e.g. 10 and 25Hz) and with other machines the user sets the base frequency and then how much needs to be added for the sweep (e.g. 10 and 15Hz). Knowing which was round your machine works is critical to effective treatment.

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The pattern of the sweep makes a significant difference to the stimulation received by the patient. Most machines offer several sweep patterns, though there is very limited ‘evidence’ to justify some of these options. In the classic ‘triangular’ sweep pattern, the machine gradually changes from the base to the top frequency, usually over a time period of 6 seconds – though some machines offer 1 or 3 second options. In the example illustrated, the machine is set to sweep from 90 to 130Hz employing a triangular sweep pattern. All frequencies between the base and top frequencies are delivered in equal proportion.

Sweep

Other patterns of sweep can be produced on many machines, for example a rectangular (or step) sweep. This produces a very different stimulation pattern in that the base and top frequencies are set, but the machine then ‘switches’ between these two specific frequencies rather than gradually changing from one to the other. The adjacent diagram illustrates the effect of setting a 90 – 130Hz rectangular sweep.

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There is a clear difference between these examples – even though the same ‘numbers’ are set. One will deliver a full range of stimulation frequencies between the set frequency levels and the other will switch from one frequency to the other. There are numerous other variations on this theme, and the ‘trapeziodal’ sweep is effectively a combination of these two.

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The only sweep pattern for which ‘evidence’ appears to exist is the triangular sweep. The others are perfectly safe to use, but whether they are clinically effective or not remains to be shown.

Effects
Physiological Effects & Clinical Applications

It has been suggested that IFT works in a ‘special way’ because it is ‘interferential’ as opposed to ‘normal’ stimulation. The evidence for this special effect is lacking and it is most likely that IFT is just another means by which peripheral nerves can be stimulated. It is rather a generic means of stimulation – the machine can be set up to act more like a TENS type device or can be set up to behave more like a muscle stimulator – by adjusting the stimulating (beat) frequency. It is often regarded (by patients) to be more acceptable as it generates less discomfort than some other forms of electrical stimulation.

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The clinical application of IFT therapy is based on peripheral nerve stimulation (frequency) data, though it is important to note that much of this information has been generated from research with other modalities, and its transfer to IFT is assumed rather than proven. There is a lack of IFT specific research compared with other modalities (e.g. TENS). 

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Selection of a wide frequency sweeps has been considered less efficient than a smaller selective range in that by treating with a frequency range of say 1-100Hz, the effective treatment frequencies can be covered, but only for a relatively small percentage of the total treatment time. Additionally, some parts of the range might be counterproductive for the primary aims of the treatment.

Clinical Application

The are 4 main clinical applications for which IFT appears to be used:

  • Pain relief

  • Muscle stimulation

  • Increased local blood flow

  • Reduction of oedema

In addition, claims are made for its role in stimulating healing and repair and for various specialised application – e.g. stress incontinence, though for the former examples (healing nad repair) there is a dearth of quality research information available.

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As IFT acts primarily on the excitable (nerve) tissues, the strongest effects are likely to be those which are a direct result of such stimulation (i.e. pain relief and muscle stimulation). The other effects are more likely to be secondary consequences of these.

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Pain Relief:

Electrical stimulation for pain relief has widespread clinical use, thought the direct research evidence for the use of IFT in this role is limited. Logically one could use the higher frequencies (90-130Hz) to stimulate the pain gate mechanisms & thereby mask the pain symptoms. Alternatively, stimulation with lower frequencies (2-5Hz) can be used to activate the opioid mechanisms, again providing a degree of relief. These two different modes of action can be explained physiologically & will have different latent periods & varying duration of effect. It remains possible that relief of pain may be achieved by stimulation of the reticular formation at frequencies of 10-25Hz or by blocking C fibre transmission at >50Hz. Although both of these latter mechanisms have been proposed (theoretically) with IFT, neither have been categorically demonstrated. 

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A good number of recent studies (e.g. Hurley et al 2004, Johnson and Tabasam 2003, Walker et al 2006, McManus et al 2006, Jorge et al 2006, Gundog et al 2012, Rocha 2012, Atamaz et al 2012) provide substantive evidence for a pain relief effect of IFT.

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Muscle Stimulation:

Stimulation of the motor nerves can be achieved with a wide range of frequencies. Clearly, stimulation at low frequency (e.g. 1Hz) will result in a series of twitches, whist stimulation at 50Hz will result in a tetanic contraction. There is limited evidence at present for the ‘strengthening’ effect of IFT (though this evidence exists for some other forms of electrical stimulation), though the paper by Bircan et al (2002) suggests that it might be a possibility. On the basis of the current evidence, the contraction brought about by IFT is no ‘better’ than would be achieved by active exercise, though there are clinical circumstances where assisted contraction is beneficial. For example to assist the patient to appreciate the muscle work required (similar to surged Faradism used previously – but much less uncomfortable). For patients who can not generate useful voluntary contraction, IFT may be beneficial as it would be for those who, for whatever reason, find active exercise difficult. There is no evidence that has demonstrated a significant benefit of IFT over active exercise. Bellew et al (2012) evaluated the stimulatory effects of IFT and various Burst Mode currents in terms of their capacity to generate significant quality muscle contraction, the results were supportive of IFT as a treatment option.

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The choice of treatment parameters will depend on the desired effect. The most effective motor nerve stimulation range with IFT appears to lie between approximately 10 and 20, maybe 10 and 25Hz. Stimulation below 10Hz results in a series of coarse twitches which may be of clinical benefit, though it has yet to be unequivocally demonstrated with IFT. Stimulation at higher frequencies than that needed to bring about a partial tetany (usually around 20 or 25Hz) can generate a strong tetanic contraction, which might be considered beneficial to assist patient appreciation of the required muscle work, but again, in terms of IFT intervention, it has yet to be demonstrated that this contraction level is needed over and above a partial tetany.

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Caution should be exercised when employing IFT as a means to generate clinical levels of muscle contraction in that the muscle will continue to work for the duration of the stimulation period (assuming sufficient current strength is applied). It is possible to continue to stimulate the muscle beyond its point of fatigue – the contractions are forced via the motor nerve – and short stimulation periods with adequate rest might be a preferable option. Some IFT devices are capable of generating a ‘surged’ stimulation mode which might be advantageous in that fatigue would be minimised – this surged intervention would be similar, but more comfortable than Faradism.

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Blood flow :

There is very little, if any quality evidence demonstrating a direct effect if IFT on local blood flow changes. Most of the work that has been done involves laboratory experimentation on asymptomatic subjects, and most blood flow measurements are superficial i.e. skin blood flow. Whether IFT is actually capable of generating a change (increase) in blood flow at depth remains questionable. The elegant experimentation by Noble et al (2000) demonstrated vascular changes at 10–20Hz, though was unable to clearly identify the mechanism for this change. The stimulation was applied via suction electrodes, and the outcome could therefore be as a result of the suction rather than the stimulation, though this is largely negated by virtue of the fact that other stimulation frequencies were also delivered with the suction electrodes without the blood flow changes. The most likely mechanism is via muscle stimulation effects (IFT causing muscle contraction which brings about a local metabolic and thus vascular change). The possibility that the IFT is acting as an inhibitor or sympathetic activity remains a theoretical possibility rather than an established mechanism.

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Based on current available evidence, the most likely option for IFT use as a means to increase local blood flow remains via the muscle stimulation mode, and thus the 10-20 or 10-25Hz frequency sweep options appears to be the most likely beneficial option.

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Oedema :

IFT has been claimed to be effective as a treatment to promote the reabsorption of oedema in the tissues. Again, the evidence is very limited in this respect and the physiological mechanism by which is could be achieved as a direct effect of the IFT remains to be established. The preferable clinical option in the light of the available evidence is to use the IFT to bring about local muscle contraction(s) which combined with the local vascular changes that will result (see above) could be effective in encouraging the reabsorption of tissue fluid. The use of suction electrodes may be beneficial, but also remains unproven in this respect.

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A study by Jarit et al (2003) demonstrated a change in oedema following knee surgery in an IFT group, though the patients did the circumferential knee measures (rather than the therapist) and circumferential knee measurement is not an especially reliable method for identifying oedema as such. The Christie and Willoughby study (1990) failed to demonstrate a significant benefit on ankle oedema following fracture and surgery. The treatment parameters employed are unlikely to be effective given the information now available. If IFT has a capacity to influence oedema, the current evidence and physiological knowledge would suggest that a combination of pain relief (allowing more movement), muscle stimulation (above) and enhanced local blood flow (above) is the most likely combination to be most effective. 

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Other Clinical Applications

In addition to the 4 key areas identified above, there are several other specialist application for which IFT has been employed. These include stimulation as part of the management of incontinence and pelvic floor training (e.g. Parkkinen et al, 2004), constipation in children (Chase et al, 2005, Queratto et al 2013, Yik et al 2012), Fibromyalgia (Almedia et al, 2003; Raimundo et al, 2004) and trigger point intervention (Hou, 2002; Jenson et al, 2002). Enhancement of fracture healing has also been investigated with mixed results (e.g. Ganne, 1988)

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Treatment Parameters:

Stimulation can be applied using pad electrodes and sponge covers (which when wet provide a reasonable conductive path), though electroconductive gel is an effective alternative. The sponges should be thoroughly wet to ensure even current distribution. Self adhesive pad electrodes are also available (similar to the newer TENS electrodes) and make the IFT application easier in the view of many practitioners. The suction electrode application method has been in use for several years, and whilst it is useful, especially for larger body areas like the shoulder girdle, trunk, hip, knee, it does not appear to provide any therapeutic advantage over pad electrodes (in other words, the suction component of the treatment does not appear to have a measurable therapeutic effect). Care should be taken with regards maintenance of electrodes, electrode covers and associated infection risks (Lambert et al 2000).

Other
Treatment

Whichever electrode system is employed, electrode positioning should ensure adequate coverage of the area for stimulation. Using larger electrodes will minimise patient discomfort whilst small, closely spaced electrodes increase the risk of superficial tissue irritation and possible damage / skin burn.

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The bipolar (2 pole) application method is perfectly acceptable, and there is no physiological difference in treatment outcome despite several anecdotal stories to the contrary. Recent research evidence supports the benefit of 2 pole application (e.g. Ozcan et al 2004).

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Treatment times vary widely according to the usual clinical parameters of acute/chronic conditions & the type of physiological effect desired. In acute conditions, shorter treatment times of 5-10 minutes may be sufficient to achieve the effect. In other circumstances, it may be necessary to stimulate the tissues for 20-30 minutes. It is suggested that short treatment times are initially adopted especially with the acute case in case of symptom exacerbation. These can be progressed if the aim has not been achieved and no untoward side effects have been produced. There is no research evidence to support the continuous progression of a treatment dose in order to increase or maintain its effect. 
 

References

 

Book Chapter

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There is an excellent 'new' chapter in the updated version of the Electrophysical Agents: Evidence Based Practice, Watson & Nussbaum, (2020) Elsevier.

The chapter was authored by Jorge Fuentes and is "Alternating Currents: Interferential Therapy, Russian Stimulation and Burst Modulated Low Frequency Stimulation (Chapter 18)

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Journal papers

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Adedoyin, R. A., et al. (2002). "Effect of interferential current stimulation in management of osteo-arthritic knee pain." Physiotherapy 88(8): 493-9.

 

Almeida, T. F., et al. (2003). "The effect of combined therapy (ultrasound and interferential current) on pain and sleep in fibromyalgia." Pain 104(3): 665-72.

 

Alves-Guerreiro, J.et al. (2001). "The effect of three electrotherapeutic modalities upon peripheral nerve conduction and mechanical pain threshold." Clinical Physiology 21(6): 704-711.

 

Atamaz, F. C. et al. (2012). "Comparison of the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, interferential currents, and shortwave diathermy in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter study." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 93(5): 748-756.

 

Beatti, A. et al (2010). "The analgesic effect of interferential therapy on clinical and experimentally induced pain." Physical Therapy Reviews 15: 243-252.

 

Bellew, J. W., Z. Beiswanger, et al. (2012). "Interferential and burst-modulated biphasic pulsed currents yield greater muscular force than Russian current." Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 28(5): 384-390.

 

Bircan, C. et al. (2002). "Efficacy of two forms of electrical stimulation in increasing quadriceps strength: a randomized controlled trial." Clin Rehabil 16(2): 194-9.

 

Chase, J., et al. (2005). "Pilot study using transcutaneous electrical stimulation (interferential current) to treat chronic treatment-resistant constipation and soiling in children." J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(7): 1054-61.

 

Christie, A. D. and G. L. Willoughby (1990). "The effect of interferential therapy on swelling following open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures." Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 6: 3-7.

 

Fuentes, J. P. et al (2010). "Effectiveness of Interferential Current Therapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Phys Ther 90(9): 1219-1238.

 

Fuentes, C. J. et al (2010). "Does amplitude-modulated frequency have a role in the hypoalgesic response of interferential current on pressure pain sensitivity in healthy subjects? A randomised crossover study " Physiotherapy 96(1): 22-29.

 

Fuentes, J. P. et al. (2010). "Effectiveness of Interferential Current Therapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Phys Ther 90(9): 1219-1238.

 

Ganne, J.-M. (1988). "Stimulation of bone healing with interferential therapy." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 34(1): 9-20.

 

Gundog, M. et al. (2012). "Interferential current therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: comparison of the effectiveness of different amplitude-modulated frequencies." Am J Phys Med Rehabil 91(2): 107-113.

 

Hou, C. R.et al. (2002). "Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(10): 1406-14.

 

Hurley, D. A., et al. (2001). "Interferential therapy electrode placement technique in acute low back pain: a preliminary investigation." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82(4): 485-93.

 

Hurley, D. A. et al. (2004). "A randomized clinical trial of manipulative therapy and interferential therapy for acute low back pain." Spine 29(20): 2207-16.

 

Jarit, G. J. et al. (2003). "The effects of home interferential therapy on post-operative pain, edema, and range of motion of the knee." Clin J Sport Med 13(1): 16-20.

 

Jenson, M. G. (2002). "Reviewing approaches to trigger point decompression." Physician Assistant 26(12): 37-41.

 

Johnson, M. I. and G. Tabasam (2003). "An investigation into the analgesic effects of different frequencies of the amplitude-modulated wave of interferential current therapy on cold-induced pain in normal subjects." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84(9): 1387-94.

 

Johnson, M. I. and G. Tabasam (2003). "A single-blind investigation into the hypoalgesic effects of different swing patterns of interferential currents on cold-induced pain in healthy volunteers." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84(3): 350-7.

 

Jorge, S. et al. (2006). "Interferential therapy produces antinociception during application in various models of inflammatory pain." Phys Ther 86(6): 800-8.

 

Lambert, I. et al. (2000). "Interferential therapy machines as possible vehicles for cross infection." Journal of Hospital Infection 44: 59-64.

 

McManus, F. J. et al. (2006). "The analgesic effects of interferential therapy on two experimental pain models: cold and mechanically induced pain." Physiotherapy 92(2): 95-102.

 

Montes-Molina, R. et al. (2009). "Efficacy of interferential low-level laser therapy using two independent sources in the treatment of knee pain." Photomed Laser Surg 27(3): 467-71.

 

Noble, J. G. et al. (2000). "The effect of interferential therapy upon cutaneous blood flow in humans." Clin Physiol 20(1): 2-7.

 

Ozcan, J. et al. (2004). "A comparison of true and premodulated interferential currents." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(3): 409-15.

 

Palmer, S. T. et al. (2004). "Effects of electric stimulation on C and A delta fiber-mediated thermal perception thresholds." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85: 119-128.

 

Parkkinen, A., et al. (2004). "Physiotherapy for female stress urinary incontinence: individual therapy at the outpatient clinic versus home-based pelvic floor training: a 5-year follow-up study." Neurourol Urodyn 23(7): 643-8.

 

Petrofsky, J. et al. (2009). "The transfer of current through skin and muscle during electrical stimulation with sine, square, Russian and interferential waveforms." J Med Eng Technol 33(2): 170-81.

 

Philipp, A., et al. (2000). "Interferential current is effective in palmar psoriaris: an open prospective trial." Eur J Dermatol 10(3): 195-8.

 

Pope, G. D. et al. (1995). "A survey of electrotherapeutic modalities: ownership and use in the NHS in England." Physiotherapy 81(2): 82-91.

 

Queralto, M. et al. (2013). "Interferential therapy: a new treatment for slow transit constipation. A pilot study in adults." Colorectal Dis 15(1): e35-39.

 

Raimundo, A. K. S., et al. (2004). "Comparative study of the analgesic effect between frequencies of interferential current in the fibromyalgia [Portuguese]." Fisioterapia em Movimento 17(4): 65-72.

 

Rocha, C. S. et al. (2012). "Interferential therapy effect on mechanical pain threshold and isometric torque after delayed onset muscle soreness induction in human hamstrings." J Sports Sci 30(8): 733-742.

 

Roche, P. et al. (2002). "Modification of induced ischaemic pain by placebo electrotherapy." Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 18: 131-139.

 

Shah, S. and A. Farrow (2012). "Trends in the availability and usage of electrophysical agents in physiotherapy practices from 1990 to 2010: a review." Physical Therapy Reviews 17(4): 207-226.

 

Shanahan, C. et al. (2006). "Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of interferential therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation." Physiotherapy. 92(4): 247-53.

 

Sontag, W. (2000). "Modulation of cytokine production by interferential current in differentiated HL-60 cells." Bioelectromagnetics 21(3): 238-44.

 

Stephenson, R. and E. Walker (2003). "The analgesic effects of interferential (IF) current on cold-pressor pain in healthy subjects: a single blind trial of three IF currents against sham IF and control." Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 19: 99-107.

 

Tabasam, G. and M. I. Johnson (2006). "The use of interferential therapy for pain management by physiotherapists... including commentary by Poitras S." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 13(8): 357-64.

 

Walker, U. A. et al. (2006). "Analgesic and disease modifying effects of interferential current in psoriatic arthritis." Rheumatol Int: 1-4.

 

Ward, A. R. (2009). "Electrical stimulation using kilohertz-frequency alternating current." Phys Ther 89(2): 181-190.

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Ward, A. R. and W. G. Oliver (2007). "Comparison of the hypoalgesic efficacy of low-frequency and burst-modulated kilohertz frequency currents." Phys Ther 87(8): 1056-63.

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Ward, A. R. et al. (2002). "Optimal frequencies for electric stimulation using medium-frequency alternating current." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(7): 1024-7.

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Watson, T. (2000). "The role of electrotherapy in contemporary physiotherapy practice." Man Ther 5(3): 132-41.

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Yik, Y. I. et al. (2012). "Home transcutaneous electrical stimulation to treat children with slow-transit constipation." J Pediatr Surg 47(6): 1285-1290.

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References
Interferential Contraindications
 

  • Patients who do not comprehend the physiotherapist’s instructions or are unable to co-operate should not be treated 

  • Patients with Pacemakers – some pacemakers are relatively immune to interference from electrical stimulation whilst others can demonstrate serious adverse behaviour. It is suggested that as a general rule, if the patient has a pacemaker, it is best to avoid all electrical stimulation, but like TENS, if it is a treatment that is needed. The stimulation should be tried in a carefully controlled environment where appropriate equipment is available to correct any pacing problems should they arise.

  • Patients who are taking anticoagulation therapy or have a history of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis should not be treated with the vacuum electrode applications 

  • Similarly, patients whose skin may be easily damaged or bruised 

 

Application over : 

  • The trunk or pelvis during pregnancy (though this MAY be modified in time in line with the TENS advice. At the present time, it is suggested that it is best avoided in these regions)

  • ​Active or suspected malignancy except in hospice/palliative/terminal care 

  • The eyes 

  • The anterior aspect of the neck 

  • The carotid sinuses 

  • Dermatological conditions e.g. dermatitis, broken skin 

  • Danger of haemorrhage or current tissue bleeding (e.g. recent soft tissue injury) 

  • Avoid active epiphyseal regions in children

  • Transthoracic electrode application is considered to be ‘risky’ by many authorities

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Interferential Precautions
 

  • Care should be taken to maintain the suction at a level below that which causes damage / discomfort to the patient 

  • If there is abnormal skin sensation, electrodes should be positioned in a site other than this area to ensure effective stimulation 

  • Patients who have (marked) abnormal circulation 

  • For patients who have febrile conditions, the outcome of the first treatment should be monitored 

  • Patients who have epilepsy, advanced cardiovascular conditions or cardiac arrhythmias should be treated at the discretion of the physiotherapist in consultation with the appropriate medical practitioner 

  • Treatment which involves placement of electrodes over the anterior chest wall

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Copntraindications
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