Ultrasound and Fracture Healing
Reference Material - 2000 - 2007

For those of you that have an interest in the (growing) field, here are a list of references that might be of use to you - some are cell studies, some animal model work and some are clinical.

(2002). "Pulsed ultrasound for fracture healing." Bandolier 9(5).

Anglen, J. (2003). "The clinical use of bone stimulators." J South Orthop Assoc 12(2): 46-54.

Aynaci, O., C. Onder, A. Piskin, et al. (2002). "The effect of ultrasound on the healing of muscle-pediculated bone graft in spinal fusion." Spine 27(14): 1531-5.

Azuma, Y., M. Ito, Y. Harada, et al. (2001). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates rat femoral fracture healing by acting on the various cellular reactions in the fracture callus." J Bone Miner Res 16(4): 671-80.

Bandow, K., Y. Nishikawa, T. Ohnishi, et al. (2007). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) induces RANKL, MCP-1, and MIP-1beta expression in osteoblasts through the angiotensin II type 1 receptor." J Cell Physiol 211(2): 392-8.

Bennell, K. and P. Brukner (2005). "Preventing and managing stress fractures in athletes." Physical Therapy in Sport 6(4): 171-80.

Bevilaqua-Grosso, D., V. Monteiro-Pedro, R. R. Guirro, et al. (2002). "A physiotherapeutic approach to craniomandibular disorders: a case report." J Oral Rehabil 29(3): 268-73.

Busse, J. W. and M. Bhandari (2004). "Therapeutic ultrasound and fracture healing: a survey of beliefs and practices." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85(10): 1653-6.

Busse, J. W., M. Bhandari, A. V. Kulkarni, et al. (2002). "The effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy on time to fracture healing: a meta-analysis." Can-Med-Assoc-J. 166(4): 437-41.

Busse, J. W., M. Bhandari, S. Sprague, et al. (2005). "An economic analysis of management strategies for closed and open grade I tibial shaft fractures." Acta Orthopaedica 76(5): 705-12.

Carvalho, D. C. and A. Clinquet (2004). "The action of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in bones of osteopenic rats." Artificial Organs 28(1): 114-118.

Carvalho, D. C., G. C. Rosim, L. O. Gama, et al. (2002). "[Non-pharmacological treatments in the stimulation of osteogenesis]." Rev Saude Publica 36(5): 647-54.

Chan, C. W., L. Qin, K. M. Lee, et al. (2006). "Low intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated bone remodeling during consolidation stage of distraction osteogenesis." J Orthop Res 24(2): 263-70.

Chang, W. H., J. S. Sun, S. P. Chang, et al. (2002). "Study of thermal effects of ultrasound stimulation on fracture healing." Bioelectromagnetics 23(4): 256-63.

Childs, S. G. (2003). "Stimulators of bone healing. Biologic and biomechanical." Orthop Nurs 22(6): 421-8.

Claes, L., A. Ruter and E. Mayr (2005). "Low-intensity ultrasound enhances maturation of callus after segmental transport." Clin Orthop Relat Res(430): 189-94.

Claes, L. and B. Willie (2007). "The enhancement of bone regeneration by ultrasound." Prog Biophys Mol Biol 93(1-3): 384-98.

Cook, S. D., S. L. Salkeld, L. P. Patron, et al. (2001). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound improves spinal fusion." The Spine Journal 1: 246-254.

Divelbiss, B. J. and B. D. Adams (2001). "Electrical and ultrasound stimulation for scaphoid fractures." Hand Clin 17(4): 697-701, x-xi.

dos Santos, C. A., H. S. A. Fialho, J. A. Pinto, et al. (2005). "Influence of therapeutic ultrasound on rabbits bone growth plate [Portuguese]." Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 12(2): 13-9.

Dudda, M., A. Pommer, G. Muhr, et al. (2005). "[Application of low intensity, pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis of the humerus. Case report]." Unfallchirurg 108(1): 69-74.

Eberson, C. P., K. A. Hogan, D. C. Moore, et al. (2003). "Effect of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on consolidation of the regenerate zone in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis." J Pediatr Orthop 23(1): 46-51.

El-Bialy, T., I. El-Shamy and T. M. Graber (2003). "Growth modification of the rabbit mandible using therapeutic ultrasound: Is it possible to enhance functional appliance results?" Angle Orthod. 73(6): 631-639.

El-Bialy, T. H., T. J. Royston, R. L. Magin, et al. (2002). "The effect of pulsed ultrasound on mandibular distraction." Ann Biomed Eng 30(10): 1251-61.

El-Bialy, T. H., A. E. M. Zaki and C. A. Evans (2003). "Effect of ultrasound on rabbit mandibular incisor formation and eruption after mandibular osteodistraction." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 124(4): 427-434.

El-Mowafi, H. and M. Mohsen (2005). "The effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on callus maturation in tibial distraction osteogenesis." Int Orthop 29(2): 121-4.

Erdogan, O., E. Esen, Y. Ustun, et al. (2006). "Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on healing of mandibular fractures: an experimental study in rabbits." J Oral Maxillofac Surg 64(2): 180-8.

Esenwein, S. A., M. Dudda, A. Pommer, et al. (2004). "[Efficiency of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis in case of delayed callotasis -- clinical results]." Zentralbl Chir 129(5): 413-20.

Fujioka, H., J. Tanaka, S. Yoshiya, et al. (2004). "Ultrasound treatment of nonunion of the hook of the hamate in sports activities." Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 12(2): 162-4.

Fujioka, H., M. Tsunoda, M. Noda, et al. (2000). "Treatment of ununited fracture of the hook of hamate by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: a case report." J Hand Surg [Am] 25(1): 77-9.

Fujishiro, T., N. Matsui, S. Yoshiya, et al. (2005). "Treatment of a bone defect in the femoral shaft after osteomyelitis using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound." Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 15: 244-246.

Gebauer, D. and J. Correll (2005). "Pulsed low-intensity ultrasound: a new salvage procedure for delayed unions and nonunions after leg lengthening in children." J Pediatr Orthop 25(6): 750-4.

Gebauer, D., E. Mayr, E. Orthner, et al. (2005). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: effects on nonunions." Ultrasound Med Biol 31(10): 1391-402.

Gebauer, G. P. (2002). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound increases the fracture callus strength in diabetic BB Wistar rats but does not affect cellular proliferation." J Orthop Res 20: 587-592.

Giannini, S., A. Giombini, M. R. Moneta, et al. (2004). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of traumatic hand fracture in an elite athlete." Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83(12): 921-5.

Gold, S. M. and R. Wasserman (2005). "Preliminary results of tibial bone transports with pulsed low intensity ultrasound (Exogen)." J Orthop Trauma 19(1): 10-6.

Handolin, L., V. Kiljunen, I. Arnala, et al. (2005). "Effect of ultrasound therapy on bone healing of lateral malleolar fractures of the ankle joint fixed with bioabsorbable screws." J Orthop Sci 10(4): 391-5.

Handolin, L., V. Kiljunen, I. Arnala, et al. (2005). "The effect of low intensity ultrasound and bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide screw fixation on bone in lateral malleolar fractures." Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 125(5): 317-21.

Handoll, H. H. G., R. Madhok and T. E. Howe (2003). "A systematic review of rehabilitation for distal radial fractures in adults." British Journal of Hand Therapy 8(1): 16-23.

Hannouche, D., H. Petite and L. Sedel (2001). "Current trends in the enhancement of fracture healing." J Bone Joint Surg Br 83(2): 157-64.

Hantes, M. E., A. N. Mavrodontidis, C. G. Zalavras, et al. (2004). "Low-intensity transosseous ultrasound accelerates osteotomy healing in a sheep fracture model." J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(10): 2275-82.

Harle, J., V. Salih, J. C. Knowles, et al. (2001). "Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on osteoblast gene expression." J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. 12(10-12): 1001-1004.

Hayton, M. J., J. P. Dillon, D. Glynn, et al. (2005). "Involvement of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in ultrasound-induced fracture repair." Ultrasound Med Biol 31(8): 1131-8.

Jingushi, S., K. Mizuno, T. Matsushita, et al. (2007). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment for postoperative delayed union or nonunion of long bone fractures." J Orthop Sci 12(1): 35-41.

Korstjens, C. M., P. A. Nolte, E. H. Burger, et al. (2004). "Stimulation of bone cell differentiation by low-intensity ultrasound - a histomorphometric in vitro study." J. Orthop. Res. 22(3): 495-500.

Korstjens, C. M., P. A. Nolte, J. Klein-Nulend, et al. (2002). "[Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on bone. Perspectives for dentistry?]." Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 109(12): 485-9.

Lerner, A., H. Stein and M. Soudry (2004). "Compound high-energy limb fractures with delayed union: our experience with adjuvant ultrasound stimulation (exogen)." Ultrasonics 42(1-9): 915-7.

Leung, K. S., W. H. Cheung, C. Zhang, et al. (2004). "Low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic activity of human periosteal cells." Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res.(418): 253-259.

Leung, K. S., W. S. Lee, W. H. Cheung, et al. (2004). "Lack of efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on prevention of postmenopausal bone loss evaluated at the distal radius in older Chinese women." Clin Orthop Relat Res(427): 234-40.

Leung, K. S., W. S. Lee, H. F. Tsui, et al. (2004). "Complex tibial fracture outcomes following treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound." Ultrasound Med Biol 30(3): 389-95.

Li, J. G. R., W. H. S. Chang, J. C. A. Lin, et al. (2002). "Optimum intensities of ultrasound for PGE(2) secretion and growth of osteoblasts." Ultrasound Med. Biol. 28(5): 683-690.

Li, J. K., J. C. Lin, H. C. Liu, et al. (2006). "Comparison of ultrasound and electromagnetic field effects on osteoblast growth." Ultrasound Med Biol 32(5): 769-75.

Lind, M., S. O. K, S. Overgaard, et al. (2000). "Stimulated bone healing." Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 12(4): 313-43.

Lirani-Galvao, A. P., V. Jorgetti and O. L. da Silva (2006). "Comparative study of how low-level laser therapy and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound affect bone repair in rats." Photomed Laser Surg 24(6): 735-40.

Lu, H., L. Qin, P. Fok, et al. (2006). "Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates Bone-Tendon Junction Healing: A Partial Patellectomy Model in Rabbits." Am J Sports Med 34(8): 1287-1296.

Luthje, P. and I. Nurmi-Luthje (2006). "Non-union of the clavicle and delayed union of the proximal fifth metatarsal treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in two soccer players." J Sports Med Phys Fitness 46(3): 476-80.

Lyon, R., X. C. Liu and J. Meier (2003). "The effects of therapeutic vs. high-intensity ultrasound on the rabbit growth plate." J Orthop Res 21(5): 865-71.

Maddi, A., H. Hai, S. T. Ong, et al. (2006). "Long wave ultrasound may enhance bone regeneration by altering OPG/RANKL ratio in human osteoblast-like cells." Bone 39(2): 283-8.

Malizos, K. N., M. E. Hantes, V. Protopappas, et al. (2006). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for bone healing: an overview." Injury 37 Suppl 1: S56-62.

Malizos, K. N., A. A. Papachristos, V. C. Protopappas, et al. (2006). "Transosseous application of low-intensity ultrasound for the enhancement and monitoring of fracture healing process in a sheep osteotomy model." Bone 38(4): 530-9.

Mayr, E. (2000). "[More rapid recovery after fracture. When can ultrasound accelerate healing?. Interview by Petra Eiden.]." MMW Fortschr Med 142(35): 10.

Mayr, E., V. Frankel and A. Ruter (2000). "Ultrasound--an alternative healing method for nonunions?" Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 120(1-2): 1-8.

Mayr, E., C. Mockl, A. Lenich, et al. (2002). "[Is low intensity ultrasound effective in treatment of disorders of fracture healing?]." Unfallchirurg 105(2): 108-15.

Mayr, E., M. M. Rudzki, M. Rudzki, et al. (2000). "[Does low intensity, pulsed ultrasound speed healing of scaphoid fractures?]." Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 32(2): 115-22.

McAlinden, M. M. (2002). "Fracture healing using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound." Cmaj 167(2): 128; author reply 128.

Miller, C., N. Major and A. Toth (2003). "Pelvic stress injuries in the athlete: management and prevention." Sports Medicine 33(13): 1003-12.

Mitragotri, S. (2005). "Healing sound: the use of ultrasound in drug delivery and other therapeutic applications." Nat Rev Drug Discov 4(3): 255-60.

Miyamoto, K., H. S. An, R. L. Sah, et al. (2005). "Exposure to pulsed low intensity ultrasound stimulates extracellular matrix metabolism of bovine intervertebral disc cells cultured in alginate beads." Spine 30(21): 2398-405.

Mohtadi, N. (2003). "Sport medicine journal club. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy for fracture healing: a meta-analysis." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 13(2): 127.

Moros, E. G., P. Novak, W. L. Straube, et al. (2004). "Thermal contribution of compact bone to intervening tissue-like media exposed to planar ultrasound." Phys Med Biol 49(6): 869-86.

Mukai, S., H. Ito, Y. Nakagawa, et al. (2005). "Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in chondrocytes." Ultrasound Med Biol 31(12): 1713-21.

Naruse, K., A. Miyauchi, M. Itoman, et al. (2003). "Distinct anabolic response of osteoblast to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound." J. Bone Miner. Res. 18(2): 360-369.

Nelson, F. R., C. T. Brighton, J. Ryaby, et al. (2003). "Use of physical forces in bone healing." J Am Acad Orthop Surg 11(5): 344-54.

Nishikori, T., M. Ochi, Y. Uchio, et al. (2002). "Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on proliferation and chondroitin sulfate synthesis of cultured chondrocytes embedded in Atelocollagen gel." J Biomed Mater Res 59(2): 201-6.

Nolte, P. A., J. Klein-Nulend, G. H. R. Albers, et al. (2001). "Low-intensity ultrasound stimulates endochondral ossification in vitro." J. Orthop. Res. 19(2): 301-307.

Nolte, P. A., A. van der Krans, P. Patka, et al. (2001). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of nonunions." J Trauma 51(4): 693-702; discussion 702-3.

Okada, K., N. Miyakoshi, S. Takahashi, et al. (2003). "Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS)." Ultrasound Med Biol 29(7): 1061-4.

Parvizi, J., V. Parpura, J. F. Greenleaf, et al. (2002). "Calcium signaling is required for ultrasound-stimulated aggrecan sysnthesis by rat chondrocytes." J Orthop Res 20: 51-57.

Phieffer, L. S. and J. A. Goulet (2006). "Delayed unions of the tibia." J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(1): 206-16.

Pigozzi, F., M. R. Moneta, A. Giombini, et al. (2004). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the conservative treatment of pseudoarthrosis." J Sports Med Phys Fitness 44(2): 173-8.

Pilla, A. A. (2002). "Low-intensity electromagnetic and mechanical modulation of bone growth and repair: are they equivalent?" J Orthop Sci 7(3): 420-8.

Protopappas, V. C., D. A. Baga, D. I. Fotiadis, et al. (2005). "An ultrasound wearable system for the monitoring and acceleration of fracture healing in long bones." IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 52(9): 1597-608.

Qin, L., P. Fok, H. Lu, et al. (2006). "Low intensity pulsed ultrasound increases the matrix hardness of the healing tissues at bone-tendon insertion-a partial patellectomy model in rabbits." Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 21(4): 387-94.

Qin, L., H. Lu, P. Fok, et al. (2006). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates osteogenesis at bone-tendon healing junction." Ultrasound Med Biol 32(12): 1905-11.

Raasch, W. G. and D. J. Hergan (2006). "Treatment of stress fractures: the fundamentals." Clin Sports Med 25(1): 29-36, vii.

Reher, P., M. Harris, M. Whiteman, et al. (2002). "Ultrasound stimulates nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2 production by human osteoblasts." Bone 31(1): 236-241.

Ricardo, M. (2006). "The effect of ultrasound on the healing of muscle-pediculated bone graft in scaphoid non-union." Int Orthop 30(2): 123-7.

Robertson, V. J. (2003). "Therapeutic Ultrasound: Re-evaluating the Evidence." Physiother-Singapore. 6(2): 28-35.

Rubin, C., M. Bolander, J. P. Ryaby, et al. (2001). "The use of low-intensity ultrasound to accelerate the healing of fractures." J Bone Joint Surg Am 83-A(2): 259-70.

Rue, J. P., D. W. Armstrong, 3rd, F. J. Frassica, et al. (2004). "The effect of pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of tibial stress fractures." Orthopedics 27(11): 1192-5.

Rutten, S., P. A. Nolte, G. L. Guit, et al. (2007). "Use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for posttraumatic nonunions of the tibia: a review of patients treated in the Netherlands." J Trauma 62(4): 902-8.

Saito, M., K. Fujii, T. Tanaka, et al. (2004). "Effect of low- and high-intensity pulsed ultrasound on collagen post-translational modifications in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts." Calcif Tissue Int 75(5): 384-95.

Saito, M., S. Soshi, T. Tanaka, et al. (2004). "Intensity-related differences in collagen post-translational modification in MCM-E1 osteoblasts after exposure to low- and high-intensity pulsed ultrasound." Bone 35(3): 644-655.

Sakurakichi, K., H. Tsuchiya, K. Uehara, et al. (2004). "Effects of timing of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis." J Orthop Res 22: 395-403.

Sant'Anna, E. F., R. M. Leven, A. S. Virdi, et al. (2005). "Effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound and BMP-2 on rat bone marrow stromal cell gene expression." J Orthop Res 23(3): 646-52.

Santos, C. A. and H. S. A. Fialho (2003). "Influence of the therapeutic ultrasound on the rabbits's [sic] bone growth plate [Portuguese]." Revista de Fisioterapia da USP 10(1): 50-1.

Schortinghuis, J., J. L. Ruben, G. M. Raghoebar, et al. (2004). "Therapeutic ultrasound to stimulate osteoconduction; A placebo controlled single blind study using e-PTFE membranes in rats." Arch Oral Biol 49(5): 413-20.

Schortinghuis, J., J. L. Ruben, G. M. Raghoebar, et al. (2005). "Does ultrasound stimulate osteoconduction? A placebo-controlled single-blind study using collagen membranes in the rat mandible." Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20(2): 181-6.

Schortinghuis, J., J. L. Rubenb, G. M. Raghoebara, et al. (2004). "Therapeutic ultrasound to stimulate osteoconduction A placebo controlled single blind study using e-PTFE membranes in rats." Archives of Oral Biology 49: 413-420.

Schortinghuis, J., B. Stegenga, G. M. Raghoebar, et al. (2003). "Ultrasound stimulation of maxillofacial bone healing." Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14(1): 63-74.

Sena, K., R. M. Leven, K. Mazhar, et al. (2005). "Early gene response to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in rat osteoblastic cells." Ultrasound Med Biol 31(5): 703-8.

Shimazaki, A., K. Inui, Y. Azuma, et al. (2000). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates bone maturation in distraction osteogenesis in rabbits." J Bone Joint Surg Br 82(7): 1077-82.

Stein, H. and A. Lerner (2005). "How does pulsed low-intensity ultrasound enhance fracture healing?" Orthopedics 28(10): 1161-3.

Takayama, T., N. Suzuki, K. Ikeda, et al. (2007). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic differentiation in ROS 17/2.8 cells." Life Sci 80(10): 965-71.

Takikawa, S., N. Matsui, T. Kokubu, et al. (2001). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound initiates bone healing in rat nonunion fracture model." J Ultrasound Med 20(3): 197-205.

Tanzer, M., S. Kantor and J. D. Bobyn (2001). "Enhancement of bone growth into porous intramedullary implant using non-invasive low intensity ultrasound." J Orthop Res 19(2): 195-199.

ter Haar, G. (2007). "Therapeutic applications of ultrasound." Prog Biophys Mol Biol 93(1-3): 111-29.

Tis, J. E., R. H. Meffert, I. N., et al. (2002). "The effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound applied to rabbit tibiae during the consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis." J Orthop Res 20(4): 793-800.

Tsumaki, N., M. Kakiuchi, J. Sasaki, et al. (2004). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates maturation of callus in patients treated with opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy by hemicallotasis." J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(11): 2399-405.

Wang, C. J., F. S. Wang, K. D. Yang, et al. (2003). "Shock wave therapy induces neovascularization at the tendon-bone junction. A study in rabbits." J Orthop Res 21(6): 984-9.

Warden, S. J. (2003). "A new direction for ultrasound therapy in sports medicine." Sports Med 33(2): 95-107.

Warden, S. J., K. L. Bennell, M. R. Forwood, et al. (2001). "Skeletal effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the ovariectomized rodent." Ultrasound Med Biol 27(7): 989-98.

Warden, S. J., K. L. Bennell, B. Matthews, et al. (2001). "Efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the prevention of osteoporosis following spinal cord injury." Bone 29(5): 431-6.

Warden, S. J., K. L. Bennell, J. M. McMeeken, et al. (2000). "Acceleration of fresh fracture repair using the sonic accelerated fracture healing system (SAFHS): a review." Calcif Tissue Int 66(2): 157-63.

Warden, S. J., J. M. Favaloro, K. L. Bennell, et al. (2001). "Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates a bone-forming response in UMR-106 cells." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286(3): 443-50.

Warden, S. J., R. K. Fuchs, C. K. Kessler, et al. (2006). "Ultrasound produced by a conventional therapeutic ultrasound unit accelerates fracture repair." Phys Ther 86(8): 1118-27.

Yang, K. H. and S. J. Park (2001). "Stimulation of fracture healing in a canine ulna full-defect model by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound." Yonsei Med J 42(5): 503-8.

Yang, R. S., Y. Z. Chen, T. H. Huang, et al. (2005). "The effects of low-intensity ultrasound on growing bone after sciatic neurectomy." Ultrasound Med Biol 31(3): 431-7.

Yang, R. S., W. L. Lin, Y. Z. Chen, et al. (2005). "Regulation by ultrasound treatment on the integrin expression and differentiation of osteoblasts." Bone 36(2): 276-83.

Zhang, Z. J., J. Huckle, C. A. Francomano, et al. (2002). "The influence of pulsed low-intensity ultrasound on matrix production of chondrocytes at different stages of differentiation: an explant study." Ultrasound Med Biol 28(11-12): 1547-53.

Zura, R. D., B. Sasser, V. Sabesan, et al. (2007). "A survey of orthopaedic traumatologists concerning the use of bone growth stimulators." J Surg Orthop Adv 16(1): 1-4.